Genetic Mutations and DNA Repair

Abstract

Reactive species within cells and external agents constantly attack cellular DNA. Different repair pathways reduce toxic and mutagenic effects, and this article describes 130 known human DNA repair genes. There is currently only one system to remove the primary DNA lesions caused by ultraviolet light, despite notable features such as four enzymes that can remove uracil from DNA, seven recombination genes linked to RAD51, and numerous recently identified DNA polymerases that avoid damage. By comparing with model organisms and identifying common folds in three-dimensional protein structures, more human DNA repair genes will be discovered. Clinical applications such as better radiotherapy, anticancer medication treatment, and a deeper comprehension of the forces that cause cellular ageing should result from modification to DNA repair.